program related research report

Drilling

Drilling Rigs:

Until early this century, oil and gas wells were drilled with cable-tool rigs. These drilled holes by moving a heavy, chisel-shaped bit suspended on a steel line up and down. The problem with this design is that there was nothing to stop oil and gas blowing out of the surface whenever a reservoir was penetrated and before there was only onshore drilling.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/14624141/offshore-drilling-units-by-majid-hamedynia

Firstly, to understand the drilling rigs I must talk about the rotary drilling system. The system consists of drillbits. Drillbits work in a very hot and dirty environment. They are therefore subjected to large mechanical stresses. Replacing a broken drillbit is expensive, so they are designed to be long-lasting.The two main drillbits are the Tricone Roller Bits and the Polycrystalline Diamond Cutter Bits.
Tricone Roller Bits are the most commonly used bits. They are made of three roller-cones that rotate. This rotation causes the cones to work like teeth digging into the rock.

http://www.madabout-kitcars.com/kitcar/kb.php?aid=406

Polycrystalline Diamond Cutter Bits are a relatively new design. They drill using a shearing action, which is more effective on softer formations of rocks.

Secondly, the drillstrings. Drillstrings are a tube of steel pipe going from the surface to the bit.

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5282513.html

Thirdly, the hoisting system; the heaviest work on a drilling rig is on the hoisting system, since it is what controls the drillstring's position. It moves it up and down, in and out of the hole.
Nowadays, the drilling rigs are more efficient and drilling rigs are also offshore too. For example: directional drilling was developed when the industry moved offshore. This is because onshore rigs can easily be moved to a new location, while it is more difficult and costly to move rigs in deeper waters.

Another example is the semi-submersible rigs are not bottom-supported, and are therefore called floaters. Which are used to drill in deeper waters and because they are very large they are very stable in the sea.

The final example is the drillship. Drillships because there are shaped like a ship, they can move from one location are so-calledanother quickly, but they are not stable in in the sea.

In the future there could be many methods to improve the drillbits. One of these methods is to produce a Laser drillbits. Basically, lasers convert different forms of energy such as chemical, electrical, heat etc., into energy of light. One of the main advantages of usinig a Laser drillbits that it has the potential to penetrate rock many times faster than the drillbits used nowadays. To describe this operation is to use high-power lasers to drill for gas and oil. Nowadays a group of collaborators are examining the possibility of adapting high-power laser technology to drilling for gas and oil. The first phase is designed to establish a scientific basis for developing a commercial laser drilling system and determine the level of gas industry interest in pursuing future research. If drilling with lasers eventually proves workable, it could be the most radical change in drilling technology in the last century.

Word count: 502

Bibliography:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/14624141/offshore-drilling-units-by-majid-hamedynia
http://www.madabout-kitcars.com/kitcar/kb.php?aid=406
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5282513.html


Referances: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a713647230&fulltext=713240928
http://bedrockenergydevelopment.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/laser-oil-well-drilling-bedrock-energy-development-looks-into-the-future-of-petroleum-search-and-acquisition/
http://www.ne.anl.gov/facilities/lal/laser_drilling.html

research skills 3

Two Supercars
Introductory:
The research is about two supercars. The two cars are the Bugatti Veyron and the Porsche 911 Turbo. The two cars have a different history. First of all the Bugatti is a classic car;it was founded in France by an Italian man named Ettore Bugatti in 1909.

http://articles.directorym.com/Bugatti_Sedan_Norfolk_NE-r1126135-Norfolk_NE.html

On the other hand the Porsche "official date of birth" for the first Porsche is June 8, 1948.
Similarities:
The similarities between the two cars are: both of them are sport cars and they both have a long history and they are very popular, they both are made in Germany, they both are very expensive, they both are 2 seated car and they both have high performance.
Differences:
The differences between the Bugatti Veyron and the Porsche 911 Turbo are too many. The first difference is the price. The price of the Bugatti Veyron is $2,000,000 and price of the Porsche 911 Turbo is $143,800.Secondly the top speed of the Bugatti Veyron is 407 km/h and the top speed of the Porsche 911 Turbo is 312 km/h. Thirdly the Bugatti Veyron goes from 0-60 MPH in 2.5 seconds and the Porsche 911 Turbo goes from 0-60 MPH in 3.5 seconds. Fourthly the horse power;the Bugatti has 1001hp and the Porsche 911 Turbo has 500hp. Fifthly the torque;the Bugatti Veyron has a 922 lb-ft@2200rpm and the Porsche 911 Turbo has a 500 lb-ft@ 6000rpm. Finally the weight;the Bugatti Veyron weight is 4339 lb and the Porsche 911 Turbo is 3461lb.

Interest points of information:
• The Bugatti Veyron has an 8.0 litre W16 engine; it is equivalent to two narrow angle V8 engines.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron

• The Porsche 911 Turbo has a 7-speed PDK with paddle shifters to choose between manual and automatic mode for ultra-fast gearshifts with no interruption in power delivery.

http://www.porsche.com/international/models/911/911-turbo/featuresandspecs/

Opinion:
I would like to conclude that both cars are considered two of the best sport cars in the world and if I had the chance to choose one as my favourite it would be really difficult, but if I had the money I would prefer to buy the Bugatti Veyron because it has a better performance than the Porsche 911 Turbo.

Total words: 367

Bibliography:
http://articles.directorym.com/Bugatti_Sedan_Norfolk_NE-r1126135-Norfolk_NE.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron

http://www.porsche.com/international/models/911/911-turbo/featuresandspecs/

References:
http://www.porsche.com/microsite/911turbo/flash/default.aspx?language=en-us&market=PCNA&pool=usa&browser=other&instance=523&variant=§ion=&showintro=true&bandwidth=dsl&width=1280&height=800&deeplink=&specialguest=0&startWithLogin=false

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911

http://www.bugatti.com/en/veyron-16.4.html